Auszug aus: Ewald Schnug, Wilfried H.O. Ernst, Sylvia Kratz, Friedhart Knolle and Silvia Haneklaus Aspects of ecotoxicology of sulphur in the Harz region - im Original veröffentlicht in: Landbauforschung Völkenrode 3/2004 (54):129-143 Zusammenfassung 1 Sulphur deficiency in oilseed rape - visual symtooms 4 Gypsum, dolomite and karst at the southern Harz rim During the geological period of the Perm nearly 253 million years ago, under a hot and dry climate with constant evaporation, huge amounts of calcium sulphate (CaSO4 · 2 H2O = gypsum) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3)2) were precipitated as white, soft sediments in the Permian “Zechstein” sea (Figure 22). Due to continental drifting, the nowadays middle European area moved from what is now the Canary islands latitude northwards to 51° latitude. The gypsum sediments were 20 to 200 m thick in the Harz region. In later geologic periods, they dehydrated to anhydrite, forming hard grey-blue rocks. The calcium carbonate turned into dolomite (CaMg(CO3) by diagenetic processes. One of the sites where gypsum is exposed at the surface layer is the Hainholz near Osterode-Düna and Hörden at the southern Harz rim. This area was endangered by gypsum quarrying for many years (Knolle and Vladi, 1999) – a threat still present for many of the gypsum outcrops in the Southern Harz area (see www.naturschatz.org). Figure 22: The soils which developed on gypsum belong to the rendzina (syroseme) type with low concentrations of iron, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and with variable concentrations of sulphate, calcium and magnesium (Table 3). They have a low water-holding capacity. On sites where loess as a periglacial remnant is overlying the gypsum, the soil is richer in nutrients and has an improved water-holding capacity supporting thermophilic shrubs. The mosaic pattern of dolomite, gypsum and loess has resulted in a high diversity of plant communities, however, without a specific gypsum-indicating species. Figure 23: One plant genus named after the gypsum soils is Gypsophila. Due to continental climate with hot and dry summers at the south and south-east rim of the Harz Mountains the species Gypsophila fastigiata does occur there, but is missing at the south-western Harz rim with its cooler and wetter atlantic climate. Most plant species of the gypsum vegetation have a broad ecological amplitude and also grow on calcium carbonate soils. The populations on gypsum are obviously not highly differentiated from those on calcium carbonate if the results with some populations of Gypsophila can be generalised (Fiedler et al., 1987). Plants growing on gypsum soils have up to threefold higher sulphur levels in their leaves, as shown for Cynanchum vincetoxicum (0.8 to 1.04 % S), when compared to plants growing on calcium carbonate. Most of the leaf sulphur is present as sulphate (Heinze et al., 1982). The high sulphur concentration in Arabis hirsuta, however, is not necessarily caused by the increased sulphate level of these gypsum soils, because plant species belonging to the family Brassicaceae are generally high in sulphur. 4.2 Rhume spring (Rhumspringe, 51°35’N, 10°17’E) Once upon a time, the giant Romar met Ruma, daughter of the king of dwarfs. They fell in love and had a child. Unfortunately, their fathers were enemies, so the king of dwarfs didn’t want them to marry, killed the little child and locked his daughter Ruma in a subterranean dungeon. Being the daughter of a water-nymph, Ruma turned herself into a spring and thus was able to find her way out through the rocks and reunite with Romar again. People say that the killed child’s blood gives the water of the Rhume spring a red colour from time to time…( http://www.harzlife.de/harzrand/rhume.html ). Apart from this legend, there is also a geological explanation for the existence of the Rhume spring: The karstified and water-permeable anhydrite and dolomite layers of the Southern Harz rim are slightly dipping in south-west direction. At their borderline, the karstic water flow is blocked by water-impermeable sandstone layers (Figure 25). This resulted in the emergence of one of the greatest well heads of Central Europe, the karst spring of the Rhume (Figures 26 and 27), which delivers 900 L water per second in dry periods and up to 5500 L after high precipitation. Most of the water is derived from oozing away of the rivers Oder and Sieber (Herrmann, 1969). Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and gypsum (CaSO4 · 2 H2O) are watersoluble. Subsurface leaching produced a typical karstmorphology, often combined with the disappearance of brooks and rivers at the surface. Table 3: Element concentration in mg kg-1 dry matter
( From: http://www.karstwanderweg.de/rhumequelle/3.htm )
Table 4: Element concentration in mg L-1
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Phytocoenologia 23:625-636 Zhao FJ, Wang JR, Barker JHA, Schat H, Bleeker PM, McGrath SP (2003) The role of phytochelatins in arsenic tolerance in the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. New Phytol 159:403-410 6 Please note that the “Gipskarstlandschaft Hainholz” is a protected area (“Naturschutzgebiet”). This implies that visitors may walk along the marked paths only. It is not allowed to pick plants or collect insects or other animals in this area. Attractive hiking routes are suggested at http://ext-lk-osterode.advantic.de/NaturHainholz/index.htm. |